ABSTRACT
Introduction: Photoperiod is, together with temperature and food availability, one of the main stimuli in the regulation of gametogenesis in a wide variety of species. Objective: To evaluate the effect of photoperiod on the production of mature gametes in cultured Arbacia dufresnii. Methods: An experiment was carried out with three varying light-dark regimes/treatments: constant light (24 h light), neutral photoperiod (12 h light, 12 h darkness), and constant darkness (24 h darkness). Twenty females were used in each treatment. All were induced to spawn and, ten randomly selected females from each treatment were induced to spawn again after 30 days. After 60 days, spawning was induced in the remaining females. The gametes were collected in filtered seawater, fixed in Davidson solution, quantified and measured per individual in triplicate in a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. To determine maturation, fertilization success was evaluated 30 minutes after fertilization. Results: Our results showed that in the aquaculture system, after only two months, mature gametes were obtained, and in the neutral light regime there were 10 times more gametes than the number produced in wild sea urchins during the spawning period in question. We also found that with a greater exposure to light, a lower number of mature gametes was produced. Conclusions: This study suggests the viability of the production of mature gametes in a short period of time as regards Arbacia dufresnii.
Introducción: El fotoperiodo es, junto con la temperatura y la disponibilidad de alimentos, uno de los principales estímulos para el desarrollo de la gametogénesis en una amplia variedad de especies. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del fotoperiodo en la producción de gametas maduras de Arbacia dufresnii en un sistema de recirculación cerrado para determinar el mejor fotoperiodo para una acuicultura novedosa, enfocada en la producción de gametas con alta concentración de pigmentos para usos biotecnológicos. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento con tres regímenes/tratamientos diferentes de luz y oscuridad: luz constante (luz durante 24 h), fotoperiodo neutro (12 h de luz, 12 h de oscuridad) y oscuridad constante (oscuridad durante 24 h). Se utilizaron veinte hembras en cada tratamiento. Se indujo a todas las hembras a desovar al comienzo del experimento. Después de 30 días, diez hembras seleccionadas al azar de cada tratamiento fueron inducidas a desovar nuevamente. Al final del experimento, después de 60 días, se indujo el desove a las hembras restantes en cada tratamiento. Las gametas se recolectaron en agua de mar filtrada, se fijaron en solución de Davidson, se cuantificaron y midieron por triplicado en una cámara Sedgewick-Rafter. Para determinar la maduración, se evaluó el éxito de la fecundación después de 30 minutos de fertilización, calculando el porcentaje de huevos fertilizados. Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran que, en el sistema acuícola, en solo dos meses se obtuvieron gametas maduras y casi 10 veces más la cantidad producida por los erizos de mar en su ambiente natural usando el fotoperiodo neutro (12 h luz:12 h oscuridad). También encontramos que la mayor exposición a la luz produce la menor cantidad de gametas maduras. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere la viabilidad de la producción de gametos maduros en un corto período de tiempo en Arbacia dufresnii.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sea Urchins/growth & development , Arbacia/anatomy & histology , Germ Cells , Aquatic Organisms , Gonads/anatomy & histology , MexicoABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Establishing guidelines for responsible management in fish production systems requires knowledge of the basic biology of the fish to be raised. The objective of this work was to determine the reproductive capacity of hybrids produced from the crossing of females of Pseudoplatystoma metaense with males of Leiarius marmoratus. Males presented a digitiform, unrestricted spermatogonial testicle containing caudal digits producing glycoproteins that do not form a seminal vesicle. It was possible to find free sperm in the lumen of the tubules and in the ducts. The ovary of the females was found to be saccular and synchronous with at least three groups of oocytes. In the first year of life, only oogonia up to previtellogenic oocytes (cortical alveolus 284.9 ± 35.7 mm in diameter) were found. After the second year vitellogenic oocytes 730 ± 3.78 mm in diameter were observed. The events of gonadal development of the hybrids indicate that they are gonochoric, synchronic animals. The maturation peaks in the high-water season, overlapping with the parental species. Therefore, the escape of hybrids from fish cultures to the rivers may increase the risk of crosses, gene introgression, or diminution of the reproductive capacity of the pure species.
RESUMEN: El establecimiento de pautas para la gestión responsable en los sistemas de producción de peces requiere el conocimiento de la biología básica de los peces a criar. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la capacidad reproductiva de los híbridos producidos por el cruce de hembras de Pseudoplatystoma metaense con machos de Leiarius marmoratus. Los machos presentaron un testículo espermatogonial digital no restringido que contiene dígitos caudales que producen glucoproteínas que no forman una vesícula seminal. Fue posible encontrar esperma libre en la luz de los túbulos y en los conductos. Se encontró que el ovario de las hembras era sacular y sincrónico con al menos tres grupos de ovocitos. En el primer año de vida, solo se encontraron oogonia hasta ovocitos previtelogénicos (alvéolo cortical de 284,9 ± 35,7 mm de diámetro). Después del segundo año, se observaron ovocitos vitelogénicos de 730 ± 3,78 mm de diámetro. Los eventos de desarrollo gonadal de los híbridos indican que son animales sincrónicos gonocóricos. La maduración alcanza su punto máximo en la temporada de aguas altas, superponiéndose con las especies parentales. Por lo tanto, el escape de híbridos de cultivos de peces a los ríos puede aumentar el riesgo de cruces, introgresión genética o disminución de la capacidad reproductiva de las especies puras.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Sexual Maturation , Catfishes , Gonads/growth & development , Oocytes , Ovary/anatomy & histology , Ovary/growth & development , Testis/anatomy & histology , Testis/growth & development , Gonads/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess variations of the condition factor (K1) in relation to the gonadosomatic- RGS and energy reserves (hepatosomatic - RWL and liposomatic - RFB relations) of Leptodactylus macrosternum and their relationship to climate variation in the Northeast of Brazil, Caatinga area, state of Paraiba. The animals were captured fortnightly through active collecting, between January and December 2013. Significant differences were observed in the monthly variations of K1, RGS and RFB indices in male and female L. macrosternum over the months of collection. In males, K1 showed no significant relationship with the other variables. In females, RGS values only show notable correlations with RWF and K1 values. K1 values showed significant correlations with all other weight and length ratios. Climate change in the HFOB region showed significant relationships with the variation of the indexes evaluated, with the exception of RWF. The variation of K1, RGS, RWL and RFB values over the months of collection as well as their relation with the local climatic variation, showed a brief reproductive activity for the species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Anura/physiology , Fat Body/physiology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Anura/anatomy & histology , Anura/classification , Seasons , Fat Body/anatomy & histology , Gonads/physiology , Liver/anatomy & histology , Liver/physiologyABSTRACT
The study of reproductive biology is important to determine protective measures for the maintenance of fish stocks. Thus, this study aimed to determine some aspects of the reproductive biology of Hassar affinis in the Lake of Viana, at the Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão, Brazil. A total of 147 specimens were used in the study. They came from commercial fishing, collected in the period between February 2012 and January 2013. In the laboratory, they were weighed and body traits measured. A longitudinal incision was made ventrally in order to macroscopically observe the gonads. After that, they were fixed in Bouin solution for microscopic analysis and Gilson solution for analysis of fertility. Negative allometry was recorded for both genders, indicating greater increase in length than by weight. The sex ratio for the entire period was 3.4 females per 1 male. There was a greater reproductive activity in the bimesters February/March and April/May, which indicates that the reproductive period of this species occur in these months. The average absolute fecundity is estimated in 47,211 oocytes. The first sexual maturity is reached at 11.52 cm. Based on these data, management measures are suggested, defining the reproductive for this species from February to May, and setting minimum catching size of 11.5 cm and, furthermore, it is suggested the development of other work at monthly intervals.
O estudo da biologia reprodutiva é importante para determinar medidas protetivas visando à manutenção dos estoques pesqueiros. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os aspectos da reprodução de Hassar affinis no Lago de Viana, Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão, Brasil. Os 147 espécimes foram provenientes da pesca comercial, coletados no período de fevereiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013. Em laboratório, procedeu-se com a pesagem e medidas de cada indivíduo e posteriormente foi feita uma incisão ventro-longitudinal a fim de observar macroscopicamente as gônadas. Em seguida, foram fixadas em Solução de Bouin para análise microscópica e em Solução de Gilson para análise da fecundidade. A alometria negativa foi registrada para ambos os sexos, indicando maior incremento em comprimento do que em peso. A proporção sexual para o período total foi de 3,4 fêmeas para cada 1 macho. Houve maior intensidade reprodutiva nos bimestres fevereiro/março e abril/maio, indicando o período reprodutivo da espécie. Estima-se fecundidade absoluta média de 47.211 ovócitos. A primeira maturidade sexual é alcançada com 11,52 cm. A partir desses dados, portanto, são sugeridas medidas de gerenciamento, como o estabelecimento do período de reprodução da espécie durante os meses de fevereiro a maio, definição do tamanho mínimo de captura de 11,5 cm e, além disso, sugere-se o desenvolvimento de outros trabalhos com periodicidade mensal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Catfishes/physiology , Fecundity Rate , Tropical ZoneABSTRACT
Identifying the maturity stage of specimens is essential for the determination of the spawning season, which in turn facilitates the formulation of adequate fisheries management measures for the sustainable use of sea resources, such as abalone. This study aims to validate, based on histological evidence, a gonad maturation scale that encompasses four morphochromatically-defined stages (developing, maturity, spawning and resting) for females and males, plus an additional stage for reproductively inactive (undifferentiated) specimens, to be used as an identification key. Given the similarity between Haliotis fulgens and Haliotis corrugata as to their morphochromatic features, the gonadal maturation scale can be used for both species.
La determinación de la fase de madurez es importante para identificar la temporada de desove y permitir establecer medidas de manejo pesquero para el aprovechamiento responsable de los recursos como el abulón. El presente trabajo valida histológicamente una escala de maduración gonádica a manera de guía de identificación, que consiste de cuatro fases morfocromáticas para hembras y machos (desarrollo, madurez, desove y reposo), y un estadio para los organismos reproductivamente inactivos (indiferenciado). Dada la similitud entre las características morfocromáticas de Haliotis fulgens y Haliotis corrugata, la escala de maduración gonádica puede ser utilizada indistintamente.
Subject(s)
Animals , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Gonads/growth & development , Mollusca/anatomy & histology , Gametogenesis , Mollusca/growth & development , ReproductionABSTRACT
Several functional and morphological studies have been conducted on the pineal gland in many mammalian species; however, no published reports are available on the role of pineal gland on the gonadal development before and after eyelids separation in puppies. Therefore, this study aimed to trace the postnatal histo-morphological changes in the pineal gland and gonads of puppies before (2, 10 and 11 days old) and after (25, 35 and 40 days old) eyelids separation in an attempt to investigate the possible role of pineal gland on the gonadal development. In general, the differentiation of pineal cells, interstitial endocrine cells of testes and stromal ovarian cells coincides with the start of eyelids separation in puppies. Histological examination of stained pineal and gonadal slices of puppies after eyelids separation revealed a remarkable differentiation of pinealocytes and testicular interstitial endocrine cells, as well as presence of some evidence of folliculogenesis in ovary. Surprisingly, melatonin receptor (MT1) protein expression levels were significantly increased in the ovaries and testes of puppies after eyelids separation. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of AANAT, a rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis, was notably increased in the pineal gland of opened eyes puppies. Our results suggest an increase of melatonin production from the pineal gland of opened eyes puppies and this could play a vital role in the developmental changes observed in the gonads of these puppies.
Diversos estudios morfológicos y funcionales han sido realizados sobre la glándula pineal en distintas especies de mamíferos. Sin embargo, no hay informes publicados acerca del rol de la glándula pineal en el desarrollo gonadal antes y después de la separación de los párpados en cachorros. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo trazar los cambios histo-morfológicos postnatales en la glándula pineal y las gónadas de los cachorros antes (2, 10 y 11 días de edad) y después (25, 35 y 40 días de edad) de la separación de los párpados, en un intento por investigar el posible rol de la glándula pineal en el desarrollo gonadal. En general, la diferenciación de los pinealocitos, células intersticiales endocrinas de los testículos y las células estromales del ovario coincide con el inicio de la separación de los párpados en cachorros. El examen histológico de glándula pineal y los cortes gonadales de los cachorros, después de la separación de los párpados, reveló una notable diferenciación de los pinealocitos y las células intersticiales endocrinas testiculares, así como la posible evidencia de foliculogénesis en el ovario. Sorprendentemente, en el receptor de melatonina (MT1) los niveles de expresión de proteínas fueron significativamente superiores en los ovarios y los testículos de los cachorros después de la separación de los párpados. Además, el ARNm y la expresión de la proteína AANAT, una enzima limitante de la velocidad en la biosíntesis de la melatonina, aumentaron notablemente en la glándula pineal de los cachorros con los ojos abiertos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que existe un aumento de la producción de melatonina por parte de la glándula pineal en los cachorros con los ojos abiertos, lo que podría jugar un rol vital en los cambios evolutivos observados enlas gónadas de estos cachorros.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Dogs , Eyelids/surgery , Gonads/growth & development , Pineal Gland/anatomy & histology , Pineal Gland/physiology , Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase/genetics , Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase/physiology , Blotting, Western , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Melatonin/physiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse TranscriptionABSTRACT
Geobatrachus walkeri is a frog that belongs to a monotypic genus and is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The species inhabits different microhabitats between 2 000 to 3 500m altitude, including the leaf litter of a pine plantation. To understand its reproductive ecology, we conducted eight frog samplings, covering the rainy and dry seasons, and two habitat types (secondary native forest and pine plantation) during 2010-2011. For this study, we also included data obtained from five previous similar samplings undertaken during 2008-2009. The pine leaf litter was the main microhabitat where frogs were found; we heard choruses of six-ten calling males during all sampled months, and observed the frogs having diurnal and nocturnal activity. Regardless of the year of study, the population consisted of neonates recruited several times of the year, a large number of juveniles with a wide range of body sizes, and fewer adults with a narrower range of body size. The histological analyses of the gonads showed that the size at maturity was near 18mm SVL for males and females, and those adult males and females were reproductive active during all sampling months, suggesting a continuous reproductive activity pattern. However, during the dry season, the seminiferous tubules showed a drastically diminished spermatic epithelium although containing abundant luminal spermatozoa, which suggest a reduction in the sperm production at the end of this season. Similarly, frogs of all age categories were significantly more abundant during the early dry season, whereas were significantly less abundant with the advancement of the dryness suggesting that the intensity of the dry season could temporally stop the activity and reproduction of this population.
Geobatrachus walkeri es una rana que pertenece a un género monotípico y es endémica de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en diferentes microhábitats entre los 2 000 y 3 500m de altitud, incluyendo la hojarasca de una plantación de pinos. Para entender su ecología reproductiva se realizaron ocho muestreos de individuos, que abarcaron las estaciones de lluvias y de sequía y dos tipos de hábitats (bosque secundario y plantación de pino) durante 2010-2011. También se incluyeron los datos de cinco muestreos similares obtenidos previamente durante el período 2008-2009. El principal microhábitat donde las ranas se encontraron fue la hoja-rasca de pino, allí escuchamos coros de seis-diez machos durante todos los meses muestreados, y observamos que las ranas tienen actividad diurna y nocturna. Sin importar el año de estudio, la población se compone de neonatos reclutados en varios meses del año, un gran número de juveniles con un amplio rango de tamaños corporales, y un menor número de adultos con un rango más reducido de tamaño corporal. Los análisis histológicos de las gónadas mostraron que el tamaño a la madurez se adquiere cerca de los 18mm LRC para machos y hembras, y que los machos y hembras adultos fueron reproductivos durante todo el muestreo, lo que sugiere un patrón continuo de actividad reproductiva. Sin embargo, durante la estación seca, los túbulos seminíferos presentan un epitelio espermático drásticamente disminuido, aunque contienen abundantes espermatozoides luminales, lo que sugiere una reducción en la producción de espermatozoides en el final de la estación seca. Del mismo modo, las ranas de todas las categorías de edad fueron significativamente más abundantes durante el inicio de la estación seca, mientras que fueron significativamente menos abundantes con el avance de la sequedad, lo que sugiere que una mayor intensidad de la temporada de sequía podría detener temporalmente la actividad y la reproducción en esta población.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Anura/physiology , Ecosystem , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Anura/classification , Colombia , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Gonads/growth & development , Reproduction/physiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
This study described the reproductive system and gonadal development of Octopus rubescens from Bahía de Todos Santos, Baja California, Mexico. A total of 65 organisms, 35 males weighing 7.2 to 543.4 g and 30 females from 9.4 to 87.7 g where analyzed. The gonad development was defined through histological methods using Hematoxylin-eosin and Arteta- trichrome stains. We describe macroscopically the reproductive system of males and females, and characterized each of the anatomic components. Eight stages of maturity were recognized in females: 1. Immature, 2. Initial folliculogenesis, 3. Final folliculogenesis, 4. Previtelogenesis, 5. Early vitelogenesis, 6. Final vitelogenesis, 7. Maturing and 8. Spawn. In males five stages were identified: 1. Immature, 2. Maturing A, 3. Maturing B, 4. Mature type 1 and 5. Mature type 2. This work is the first histological description of the reproductive system of this species and the beginning for future research on its basic biology.
En el presente estudio se describió el aparato reproductor y el desarrollo gonadal del pulpo Octopus rubescens de la Bahía de Todos Santos en Baja California, México. Se realizó la descripción macroscópica del aparato reproductor de hembras y machos y se caracterizó cada una de las partes que lo integran. Para la descripción del desarrollo gonadal se utilizaron las técnicas histológicas de Hematoxilina-Eosina y la tinción tricrómica de Arteta. Se analizaron histológicamente un total de 65 organismos de los cuales 35 machos tuvieron un intervalo de peso de 7,2 a 543,4 g y las 30 hembras de 9,4 a 87,7 g. La escala de madurez en las hembras se caracterizó con ocho estadios: 1. Inmaduro, 2. Foliculogénesis inicial, 3. Foliculogénesis final, 4. Previtelogénesis, 5. Vitelogénesis inicial, 6. Vitelogénesis final, 7. Maduros y 8. Desovados. En los machos se identificaron cinco estadios: 1. Inmaduro, 2. En maduración A, 3. En maduración B, 4. Maduro tipo 1 y 5. Maduro tipo 2. Este trabajo constituye la primera descripción histológica del aparato reproductor de esta especie y sienta las bases para futuras investigaciones sobre su biología básica.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Female , Genitalia/anatomy & histology , Octopodiformes/anatomy & histology , Gonads/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
This study evaluated the reproductive dynamics and gonadal morphology of piaparas (Leporinus obtusidens) captured downstream from the Funil Hydroelectric Power Station. The 107 piaparas evaluated were captured monthly from Sep 2006 to Aug 2007. The data were stratified among the seasons to evaluate gonad maturation and the reproductive period was determined by assessing the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, abdominal fat index (AFI), weight:length ratio, condition factor and sexual proportion. The reproductive period lasted from winter to summer (Jul-Mar) in females and from spring to autumn (Sept-Jun) in males. AFI was high during and after the reproductive period in females and only during the reproductive period in males. The highest HIS values for males and females were obtained in spring and summer (Sept-Mar). The females observed did not spawn and showed follicular atresia. These characteristics suggest that L. obtusidens does not use the study area as a reproductive site and probably migrates for this purpose.
Este estudo avaliou a dinâmica reprodutiva e a morfologia gonadal de piaparas (Leporinus obtusidens) capturados a jusante de uma usina hidrelétrica. Os 107 exemplares avaliados foram capturados mensalmente, de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Os dados foram estratificados entre as estações do ano para se avaliar a maturação gonadal, e o período reprodutivo foi determinado por meio da avaliação do índice gonadossomático, índice hepatossomático, índice de gordura abdominal (AFI), relação peso:comprimento, fator de condição e proporção sexual. O período reprodutivo foi observado do inverno para o verão, julho-março, para as fêmeas, e da primavera para o outono, setembro-junho, para os machos. AFI foi alto durante e após o período reprodutivo em fêmeas e apenas durante o período reprodutivo em machos. Os maiores valores para machos e fêmeas foram obtidos na primavera e no verão. As fêmeas observadas não desovaram e mostraram atresia folicular. Essas características sugerem que L. obtusidens não usa a área de estudo como sítio reprodutivo e, provavelmente, realiza migração.
Subject(s)
Animals , Follicular Atresia/physiology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fishes/growth & development , Fishes/physiology , Hydroelectric Power Plants (Environmental Health)ABSTRACT
A preguiça pode ser designada, zoologicamente, como um mamífero da classe Eutheria, ordem Edentata, subordem Xenarthra e família Bradypodidae. O gênero Bradypus é constituído de três espécies distintas: a preguiça-de-bentinho (B. tridactylus), restrita à região amazônica; a preguiça-comum (B. variegatus), de ampla distribuição, ocorrendo nas Américas Central e do Sul e a preguiça-de-coleira (B. torquatus), única seriamente ameaçada de extinção. Percebe-se a necessidade de uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre a espécie B. variegatus, a fim de contribuir de forma efetiva com a elaboração de tratados de anatomia da fauna silvestre, além de buscar mais informações sobre a anatomia do sistema reprodutor do bicho preguiça (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) e, desta forma, aplicar os novos conhecimentos na sua preservação. Utilizamos quatro indivíduos machos e três fêmeas, pertencentes ao banco de espécies da Área de Anatomia do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (DMFA/UFRPE), as quais foram dissecados e evidenciamos a vascularização das gônadas, bem como suas localizações e aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos dos testículos e ovários. Como resultados, observou-se que o macho possui testículos localizados no interior do espaço intraabdominal, ligados às glândulas adrenais por um ligamento de peritônio. A vascularização não é feita por um plexo pampiniforme, mas por uma artéria e uma veia testicular. Os testículos possuem, em média, volume igual a 1,42cm³ e espessura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente iguais a 0,98, 1,23 e 1,45cm. Os ovários também estão no interior do espaço intra-abdominal, no fundo do útero, protegidos por uma bolsa ovariana, composta por mesovário e mesossalpinge. A vascularização é realizada por um plexo arteriovenoso que irriga e drena o útero, e suas ramificações na parede uterina atingem os ovários. Os ovários possuem, em média, espessura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente iguais a 0,37, 0,73 e 0,62 cm.
The sloth can be zoologically designated as a mammal from class Eutheria, order Edentata, suborder Xenarthra and family Bradypodidae. The genus Bradypus is constituted by three different species: B. tridactylus, restricted to the Amazon region, B. variegatus, widely distributed through Central and South Americas, and B. torquatus, the only in serious danger of extinction. There's a need to investigate more deeply the B. variegatus, to effectivelly contribute to the literature of wild species' anatomy, besides search for more informations about the anatomy of the reproductive system of the sloth (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) and so, apply the new knowledge into the preservation of this species. We used four males and three females individuals, from the species' bank of the Anatomy Area, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (DMFA/UFRPE) which were dissected and we evidenced the gonads' vascularization, as well as its localizations, morphological aspects and morphometric data of the analyzed testicles and ovaries. As results, it was seen that the male has internal testicles, connected to the adrenal glands by a ligament of peritoneum. The vascularization is not made by a pampiniform plexus, but by one testicular artery and vein. The testicles have, in average, volume equals to 1.42 cm³; thickness, width and length, respectively equals to 0.98, 1.23 and 1.45 cm. The ovaries are also inside the intra-abdominal space, above the uterus, protected by an ovarian bursa, consistuted by mesovary and mesosalpinx. The vascularization is made by an arteriovenous plexus, which irrigates and drains the uterus, and its ramifications over the uterine wall reaches the ovaries. The ovaries have, in average, thickness, width and length, respectively equals to 0.37, 0.73 and 0.62 cm.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sloths/anatomy & histology , Gonads/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
The cannonball jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris is regarded as a fishery resource with high commercial value, but with scarce biological information. With the aim to generate preliminary information on reproductive aspects, the present study analyzes its fecundity, based on the estimated number of vitellogenic oocytes in the gonad; in addition, we evaluated its relationship with the jellyfish body length, diameter and wet weight; and we established the relationship of the gonadosomatic index (IGS) with the jellyfish diameter and length. For this, a total of 30 specimens were collected, measured and weighed in a monthly basis, in Las Guásimas lagoon from January to May 2006. In order to estimate the gonad volume, 60 mature females were analyzed and their gonads were extracted and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Gonad images from histological preparations were analyzed and the number of vitellogenic and previtellogenic oocytes obtained. We used catch data from The Guásimas for population recruitment analysis, that was estimated with FISAT II. Among results, we found that fecundity increased with jellyfish length, diameter and total wet weight. The lower fecundity rates occured on February and the highest during May (11 873 071 and 37 528 197 millions of vitellogenic oocytes per gonad, respectively). The IGS increased with length and diameter of the specimens, at its maximum value of 3.7% was observed in May. A continuous production of previtellogenic oocytes were observed during the full collection period. The maximum recruitment was observed in July and November (37.50% and 28.01% respectively). The high fecundity observed in S. meleagris, suggests a high population reproductive potential that may support the possibility of an important fishery consolidation on this jellyfish.
La medusa Stomolophus meleagris es considerada un recurso pesquero de alto valor comercial. Debido a la relevancia de conocer aspectos de importancia biológica actualmente desconocidos, el presente trabajo analiza la fecundidad con base en la estimación del número de ovocitos vitelogénicos en la gónada; su relación con la longitud, diámetro y peso húmedo; y la relación del índice gonadosomático (IGS) con su diámetro y longitud. De enero a mayo 2006 se recolectaron 30 ejemplares mensuales que fueron medidos y pesados, de los cuales se analizaron 60 hembras maduras para calcular el volumen de sus gónadas. Se extrajeron las gónadas, se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina y se seleccionaron las hembras con madurez gonadal. Mediante la digitalización de imágenes se estimó el número de ovocitos vitelogénicos y previtelogénicos. Se emplearon datos de captura en Las Guásimas para el análisis de reclutamiento poblacional, estimado con FISAT II. La fecundidad se incrementó con la longitud, el diámetro y el peso húmedo total. La menor fecundidad se observó en febrero y la mayor en mayo (11 873 071 y 37 528 197 millones de ovocitos vitelogénico por gónada, respectivamente). El IGS se incrementó con la longitud y diámetro de los ejemplares, con su máximo en mayo de 3.7%. Se observó una producción continua de ovocitos previtelogénicos en todo el periodo de recolecta. El máximo reclutamiento se observó en julio y noviembre (37.50% y 28.01% respectivamente). La alta fecundidad encontrada en S. meleagris sugiere un alto potencial reproductivo para la población y sustenta la posibilidad de la consolidación de una importante pesquería de esta medusa.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Oocytes , Scyphozoa/physiology , Fertility/physiology , Gonads/cytology , Mexico , Seasons , Scyphozoa/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Durante el período reproductivo, en el ovario de los teleósteos se forman cíclicamente folículos primarios, los que maduran y son liberados en el momento de la ovulación. Sin embargo, algunos de ellos desarrollan un proceso de atresia con degeneración y reabsorción, el que para ser considerado un evento fisiológico debería predominar al final del ciclo reproductivo. Las características morfológicas de ovarios de Prochilodus lineatus fueron analizadas para identificar la presencia de folículos atrésicos como indicadores de posibles modificaciones de su biología reproductiva que afecte la repoblación de la especie. En los ovarios de P. lineatus predominaron los cambios morfológicos que se corresponden con la denominada atresia tipo I, y los folículos atrésicos fueron observados en peces con índice gonadosomático bajo que se encontraban al final del ciclo reproductivo. La atresia folicular hallada no pudo vincularse con algún proceso patológico que provoque una disminución de la especie en el ecosistema del río Paraná.
During the reproductive period, primary follicles are formed cyclically in the ovary of teleost, which mature and are released at the ovulation time. However, some of them develop a process of atresia with degeneration and resorption, which to be considered a physiological event should prevail at the end of the reproductive cycle. Morphological characteristics of ovaries of Prochilodus lineatus were analyzed for the presence of atresic follicles as indicators of possible changes in their reproductive biology affecting the repopulation of the species. In the ovaries of P. lineatus dominated the morphological changes that correspond to the so-called type I atresia, and atresic follicles were observed in fish with low gonadosomatic index who were at the end of the reproductive cycle. Detected follicular atresia could not be linked to a pathological process that causes a decline of the species in the Paraná river ecosystem.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Ovary/anatomy & histology , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Follicular Atresia , Reproduction , Fishes , Gonads/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
The morphological diversity of the ovaries from a total of 90 species of teleosts in the Mexican fauna was analyzed. Ovaries were classified according to the following characters: their number, symmetry, fusion grade, trajectory, cross section, and topographical location. The fusion of both left and right ovaries was the character showing most diversity, mainly in the Cyprinodontiformes and its tendency to the viviparity. However, the most notably character was the extravisceral development of the ovaries in the Pleuronectiformes, implying the forward orientation of the gonoduct and the forward position of the female genital opening. The urogenital system of a typical perciform, Bairdiella chrysoura is proposed as a morphological pattern of the Teleostei.
Se reconoció una diversidad morfológica de los ovarios dentro de un conjunto de 90 especies de teleósteos de la fauna mexicana. Se clasificaron los ovarios de acuerdo con los siguientes caracteres: número de ovarios, su simetría, el grado de fusión entre sí, su trayectoria, el aspecto en sección transversal y su ubicación topográfica. Se reconoce el carácter de la fusión de ambos ovarios entre sí, como el que presentó la mayor diversidad de situaciones, sobresaliendo la tendencia a la total fusión dentro de los Cyprinodontiformes y su relación con la viviparidad. Sin embargo, el carácter más notable fue el desarrollo extravisceral de los ovarios en los Pleuronectiformes, que implica la orientación del gonoducto hacia delante y la posición adelantada de la abertura genital. Se propone como patrón morfológico del sistema urogenital de los Teleostei a un típico perciforme, Bairdiella chrysoura.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ovary/anatomy & histology , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Biodiversity , Gonads/anatomy & histology , MexicoABSTRACT
Melampus coffeus belongs to a primitive group of pulmonate mollusks found mainly in the upper levels of the marine intertidal zone. They are common in the neotropical mangroves. Little is known about the biology of this species, particularly about its reproduction. The aim of this study was to 1) characterize the morphology and histology of M. coffeus' gonad; 2) describe the main gametogenesis events and link them to a range of maturity stages; 3) chronologically evaluate the frequency of the different maturity stages and their relation to environmental factors such as water, air and sediment temperatures, relative humidity, salinity and rainfall; and 4) characterize M. coffeus' spawning, eggs and newly hatched veliger larvae. Samples were collected monthly between February, 2007 and January, 2009 from the mangroves of Praia de Arpoeiras, Acaraú County, State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. The characterization of the gonad development stages was carried out using routine histological techniques. The results of this study show that Melampus coffeus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. The follicles have masculine and feminine elements, interleaved within the gonad. M. coffeus presents a well-defined synchronous reproductive cycle, showing successive maturation, release and resting periods. The average diameter of the oocytes was negatively correlated with salinity and positively correlated with rainfall. The results show that no reproductive activity occurs during periods of drought. After the dry season, the increasing rainfall levels and reduced salinity lead to the appearance of very dense populations, predominantly composed of small individuals.
Melampus coffeus encontra-se em um grupo primitivo de moluscos pulmonados, primordialmente marinhos, habitantes dos níveis superiores da zona entremarés, comum em manguezais do Oceano Atlântico. Pouco se sabe sobre a biologia da espécie, em especial, sobre a sua reprodução. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) caracterizar morfo-histologicamente a gônada de M. coffeus; 2) descrever os principais eventos da gametogênese e associá-los a uma escala de estágios de maturidade; 3) avaliar temporalmente a frequência dos estágios de maturidade e sua possível relação com os fatores ambientais, como a temperatura da água, do ar e do sedimento, a umidade relativa, a salinidade e a pluviosidade, e 4) caracterizar a postura, os ovos e a véliger recém-eclodida de M. coffeus. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de fevereiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009, no manguezal da Praia de Arpoeiras, município de Acaraú-Ceará, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A caracterização das fases de desenvolvimento da gônada foi realizada utilizando-se técnicas histológicas de rotina. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que Melampus coffeus é um hermafrodita simultâneo. Os folículos apresentam elementos masculinos e femininos, distribuindo-se na gônada intercalados radialmente. M. coffeus apresenta um ciclo reprodutivo sincrônico bem definido, evidenciando-se períodos sucessivos de amadurecimento, de liberação e de repouso. O diâmetro médio dos oócitos apresentou correlação negativa com a salinidade e positiva com a pluviosidade. Os resultados indicam que, nos períodos de estiagem, não há atividade reprodutiva. Após essa estação, quando os valores de pluviosidade aumentam e a salinidade diminui, as populações são bastante densas e predominam indivíduos pequenos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Embryonic Development/physiology , Gametogenesis/physiology , Gastropoda/physiology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Hermaphroditic Organisms/physiology , Brazil , Gastropoda/anatomy & histology , Gastropoda/growth & development , Gonads/growth & development , Hermaphroditic Organisms/classification , Hermaphroditic Organisms/growth & development , Population DensityABSTRACT
This study characterized the reproductive cycle of the stout razor clam Tagelus plebeius in the estuary of the Cachoeira River, Ilhéus, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Samples of 20 animals per collection were taken biweekly from August 2005 to August 2006. The 480 specimens were measured on the antero-posterior axis (length) and then removed from the shell. After macroscopic analysis, the gonads were fixed in Davidson's solution, processed by routine histology and stained by Harris hematoxylin and eosin. The gonads of both males and females appeared milky white, without sexual dimorphism. Microscopic analyses indicated a M: F ratio of 1.06: 1 and continuous reproduction of T. plebeius in the region. The period from August to October showed the most intense spawning. This study provides another example of continuous reproduction of bivalves in tropical waters, and because this species is a heavily exploited fishery resource in the region, it draws attention to the need for a management plan aimed at reducing harvests.
Neste estudo, objetivou-se caracterizar o ciclo reprodutivo de Tagelus plebeius na região estuarina do Rio Cachoeira, Ilhéus-Bahia. As amostragens, 20 animais/coleta, foram feitas quinzenalmente, entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Os 480 animais, depois de medidos quanto ao seu eixo ântero-posterior (comprimento), foram removidos da concha e, após análise macroscópica, as gônadas foram fixadas em solução de Davidson, processadas por técnica rotineira de histologia e coradas com hematoxilina de Harris e eosina. As gônadas de machos e fêmeas apresentaram aspecto branco leitoso e não houve dimorfismo sexual. As análises microscópicas evidenciaram razão sexual M:F de 1,06:1 e reprodução contínua de T. plebeius na região. O período entre agosto e outubro foi caracterizado como o de maior eliminação de gametas. O estudo fornece outro exemplo de reprodução contínua de bivalves em regiões tropicais e, por ser um recurso pesqueiro intensamente explorado na região, chama a atenção para a criação de um plano de manejo que vise à redução de sua coleta.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Bivalvia/growth & development , Gonads/growth & development , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Brazil , Bivalvia/anatomy & histology , Bivalvia/classification , Estuaries , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Reproduction/physiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
Reproductive strategy is the set of adaptations that promote the most efficient way that the species will survive under the particular conditions of a determined environment. Understanding these adaptations is important and can help pinpoint populations indicator of environmental changes. Spermatogenesis is a measurable biological process of these adaptations in spatial and temporal scales. We analyzed the morphology of the testes and oviducts of the lizard species that comprise the genus Tropidurus, taking into account the geographical distribution and sympatric relations. For the analysis and the testes were removed from the middle part of the oviducts from Tropidurus etheridge, T. oreadicus, T. itambere, T. spinulosus and T. Guarani species, collected in different places in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The reproductive period is synchronous for males and females and occurs in September, October and November. Reproductive males were characterized. In the testes are seminiferous tubules with germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis, with a high epithelium, at present light, free spermatozoa in the lumen and reduction of interstitial tissue. For females, the reproduction peak occurs when the oviduct epithelium is high with secretions and basal nucleus. These months are characterized in the sampled areas over a period of heavy rain and high temperatures. The decline of reproductive period was observed in both sexes, between April and August. Low reproduction in males is characterized by ample light, absence of sperm, only germ cells in the early stages of spermatogenesis are observed (a few spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and interstitial tissue wide. In females, the period of reproductive decline is marked by the absence of unicellular glands in the oviduct epithelium, with higher affinity with the dye. This period corresponds to low rainfall periods and lower temperatures. We propose an analysis of zoological samples; this is a proposal ...
Estrategia reproductiva es el conjunto de adaptaciones que promueven la manera más eficiente para una población a sobrevivir en las condiciones específicas de un entorno particular. Comprender esta adaptación es importante y puede identificarse en algunas poblaciones como indicador de cambios ambientales. La espermatogénesis puede ser un proceso biológico medible de estas adaptaciones en escalas espaciales y temporales. Se analizó la morfología de los testículos y oviductos de las especies de lagartijas que componen el género Tropidurus, teniendo en cuenta la amplia distribución geográfica y las relaciones simpátricas. Para el análisis hemos eliminado los testículos de los machos y la parte media de los oviductos de hembras de las especiesTropidurus Etheridge, T. oreadicus, T. itambere, T. spinulosus y T. Guarani recolectadas en diferentes lugares en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. El período reproductivo es sincrónico para machos y hembras, y se produce durante septiembre, octubre y noviembre. Se caracterizaron como machos reproductores por testículos con túbulos seminíferos con células germinales en distintas etapas de la espermatogénesis, un epitelio muy alto, un lumen reducido, numerosos espermatozoides libres en el lumen y tejido intersticial redicudo. En hembras el pico reproductivo se produce cuando los canales de conducción de gametos poseen un epitelio alto, secretor y con núcleos basales. Estos meses son caracterizados en las zonas muestreadas por fuertes lluvias y altas temperaturas. La disminución del período reproductivo se observó en ambos sexos, entre abril y agosto. La baja reproducción en machos se caracteriza por un lumen ancho, ausencia de espermatozoides, presencia de células germinales sólo en las primeras etapas de la espermatogénesis (espermatogonias y pocos espermatocitos) y tejido intersticial amplio. En las mujeres, el período de baja reproducción está marcado por la ausencia de glándulas unicelulares en el epitelio de...
Subject(s)
Animals , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Lizards/anatomy & histology , Oviducts/anatomy & histology , Adaptation, Biological , Brazil , Lizards/physiology , Rain , Reproduction , Seasons , TemperatureABSTRACT
Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive gonochoristic and byssate freshwater bivalve originary from Southeast Asia. It shows great adaptive-reproductive ability, so knowledge of the gonadal cycle is an important factor for the prevention and control of this bioinvasion. This species is highly damaging to natural and human environments. We analyzed the distribution and maturity state of reproductive follicles in the mantle of both male and females. Male results are not shown but, in general, they followed the same pattern as that of females. Routine histological techniques included serial longitudinal sections and transversal sections in three body regions (anterior, middle and psoterior). Oocytes with conspicuous nucleoli were measured on both types of sections to estimate the maturity stage in the different regions. ANOVA indicates that there were no significant differences in maturity ratio between the studied regions, so that a small number of sections would render precise results to assess maturity
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Animals , Ovarian Follicle/anatomy & histology , Ovarian Follicle/cytology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Gonads/cytology , Mytilidae , Fresh WaterABSTRACT
Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive gonochoristic and byssate freshwater bivalve originary from Southeast Asia. It shows great adaptive-reproductive ability, so knowledge of the gonadal cycle is an important factor for the prevention and control of this bioinvasion. This species is highly damaging to natural and human environments. We analyzed the distribution and maturity state of reproductive follicles in the mantle of both male and females. Male results are not shown but, in general, they followed the same pattern as that of females. Routine histological techniques included serial longitudinal sections and transversal sections in three body regions (anterior, middle and psoterior). Oocytes with conspicuous nucleoli were measured on both types of sections to estimate the maturity stage in the different regions. ANOVA indicates that there were no significant differences in maturity ratio between the studied regions, so that a small number of sections would render precise results to assess maturity
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Animals , Ovarian Follicle/anatomy & histology , Ovarian Follicle/cytology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Gonads/cytology , Mytilidae , Fresh WaterABSTRACT
This work describes the gametogenic cycle of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus kept in a culture system. To this end, during one year, samples were taken from the broodstocks every 30 days to be submitted to macroscopic and microscopic analyses and to measure the amount of astaxanthin. To perform the microscopic evaluation, 5 μ slices from the median portion of the female part of the gonad were submitted to the pattern methodology for histological analyses with paraffin and HE coloration. The remaining portion of the female gonad was lyophilised to extract and quantify the levels of astaxanthin using HPLC. The microscopic analyses revealed four well defined stages for the reproductive cycle. Analyses of data taken throughout the year indicated preferential spawning periods from December to January and from July to September. The astaxanthin analyses showed higher amounts of this carotenoid during the advanced pre-spawning and the initial spawning periods than during gametogenesis, initial pre-spawning, advanced spawning, and the spent stages. According to these results, it was possible to establish a descriptive table of the sexual stages of the female portion of the gonad and the amount of astaxanthin in the sexual stage of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus.
Este trabalho descreve o ciclo gametogênico da vieira Nodipecten nodosus mantida em ambiente de cultivo. Para isto, durante um ano, amostras de indivíduos reprodutores foram coletadas a cada 30 dias e submetidas à avaliação macroscópica e microscópica e à quantificação de astaxantina. Para a avaliação microscópica, secções de 5 μ da porção mediana feminina da gônada foram submetidas à metodologia de análise histológica padrão em parafina e coloração HE. O restante da porção feminina da gônada foi liofilizado para extração e quantificação de astaxantina em HPLC. A avaliação microscópica permitiu a descrição de quatro estágios bem definidos para o ciclo reprodutivo. Na análise ao longo do ano, foram observados períodos preferenciais de desova em dezembro e janeiro e de julho a setembro. A análise da quantidade de astaxantina, mostrou, nos estádios de pré-desova avançada e de desova inicial, uma maior quantidade desse carotenoide em comparação aos estádios de gametogênese, pré-desova inicial, desova avançada e repouso. Em função desses resultados, foi possível estabelecer um quadro descritivo dos estágios sexuais da porção feminina da gônada e quantidade de astaxantina em cada estágio sexual da vieira Nodipecten nodosus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Gonads/chemistry , Pectinidae/physiology , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Gonads/growth & development , Pectinidae/anatomy & histology , Pectinidae/chemistry , Reproduction/physiology , Xanthophylls/analysisABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica is a tree with most of the parts having various medicinal values. It is however popular because of its high potencies, as antimalarial and anti-fertility agents, which the locals still exploit. We investigated the effect of the methanol leaf extract on the serum levels of the pituitary-gonad hormones and the histo-morphology of the ovary and uterus of adult female rats. Eighteen adult female Wistar rats were divided into three groups [A,B and C] of six animals each. Group A was the control group that received distilled water orally, while groups B and C were the experimental groups that received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the extract respectively by oral intubation for fourteen days. The animals were sacrificed on the fifteenth day, and blood was collected from the left ventricles of the hearts and subsequently spurned in heparinized bottles for serum hormonal assay. The ovaries and the uteri were then dissected out and preserved in Bouin's fluid. Routine haematoxylin and eosin method was used to stain them. There were significant [p<0.0001] lower serum levels of luteinizing hormone [LH] in the treatment groups, especially in the 400mg/kg group, while there were significant [p<0.0001] higher progesterone [PH] levels in the treatment groups. The follicle stimulating hormones [FSH] levels were however not different [p=0.0502] from the control. The histo-morphologic studies revealed no obvious pathological changes in the ovaries and uteri of the treatment groups. 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of methanol extract of the leaf of A. indica does not have any obvious effect on the histo-morphologies of the ovary and uterus, but showed significant changes in the serum levels of LH and PH of female Wistar rat, implying that the effect of the extract may have been at a level other than these organs of study